Тесты на тему "Иностранный язык в профессиональной деятельности (Психология) Синергия Ответы на промежуточные тесты 1-8, итоговый и компетентностный тест"

Тесты были сданы в 2024 году.
Представлены ответы на большинство вопросов по предмету "Иностранный язык в профессиональной деятельности" для направления "Психология".
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Описание работы

СПИСОК ТЕМ:
Введение в курс
Тема 1. Psychology as a Science
Тема 2. Approaches to Psychology
Тема 3. Mental Processes.
Тема 4. Emotions
Тема 5. Intelligence
Тема 6. Creative Thinking
Тема 7. Imagination
Тема 8. Theories of Personality
Заключение
Анкета обратной связи
Итоговая аттестация

ТЕСТ 1

… might prove especially helpful using individuals who have rare conditions. For instance, if one wanted to study multiple personality disorder then this approach with individuals diagnosed with multiple personality disorder would be helpful.
• an excellent approach
• self-correcting process
• the individual experiencing
• case studies

… was a German scientist who was the first person to be referred to as a psychologist. His famous book entitled Principles of Physiological Psychology was published in 1873

… was the first American psychologist who espoused a different perspective on how psychology should operate. James was introduced to Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection and accepted it as an explanation of an organism’s characteristics.

An individual’s consistent pattern of thought and behavior is known as a(n) ….
• biological stage
• object permanence
• personality
• perception

An undergraduate … in psychology hones critical thinking skills. These skills are useful in many different work settings.
• approach
• education
• phenomena
• process

Before psychology became a recognized academic discipline, matters of the mind were undertaken by those in ….
• biology
• chemistry
• philosophy
• physics

Behaviorists studied objectively observable … partly in reaction to the psychologists of the mind who were studying things that were not directly observable.
• behavior
• words
• personality
• understanding

How can you organise information in the lecture? Match the beginnings and endings.
A. question and
B. problem and
C. classification and
D. advantages and
E. comparison and
F. cause and
G. sequence of
H. stages of a
I. theories or opinions then
J. answer
K. solution
L. definition
M. disadvantages
N. contrast
O. effect
P. events
Q. process
R. supporting information

If someone wanted to become a psychology professor at a 4-year college, then s/he would probably need a … degree in psychology.
• bachelor of science
• bachelor of art
• master’s
• PhD

Match English terminology and its equivalents in Russian:
A. steps of the scientific method
B. empirical method
C. mental processes
D. to analyze the results
E. conscious experience
F. internal perception
G. to make a prediction
H. to make an observation
I. ступени научного метода
J. эмпирический метод
K. ментальные процессы
L. анализировать результаты
M. сознательный опыт
N. внутреннее восприятие
O. прогнозировать
P. делать наблюдение

One would need at least a(n) … degree to serve as a school psychologist.
• associate’s
• bachelor’s
• master’s
• doctoral

Perhaps one of the most influential and well-known figures in psychology’s history was …. He was an Austrian neurologist who was fascinated by patients suffering from “hysteria” and neurosis.

Put the following sentences in the right order:
1 The article "The New Science of Happiness" discusses.....
2 the top four things that bring people the greatest happiness.
3 The correct answer, holidays, is not included in the list. This....
4 suggests that while faith, children, and spouse/partner are considered important factors for happiness,
5 holidays are not seen as one of the top contributors.

Put the words in the right order to make a question:
1 according to the article
2 "The New Science
3 of Happiness",
4 which of the following
5 is NOT one of
6 the top 4 things that
7 bring people the greatest happiness?

Read the question below and select one correct answer based on the information provided in the course: Question: Why do you think many people might be sceptical about psychology being a science?
• Science cannot directly study the mind because it is not a form of matter or energy.
• These people simply don’t know all the facts about modern technology.
• Psychology is not and cannot be a science so these people are completely right.

Rogers believed that providing genuineness, empathy, and … in the therapeutic environment for his clients was critical to their being able to deal with their problems.
• structuralism
• functionalism
• gestalt
• unconditional positive regard

The following degrees would be the minimum required to teach psychology courses in high school.
• PhD
• PsyD
• master’s degree
• bachelor’s degree


ТЕСТ 2

… is most closely associated with the human approach to psychology.
• Carl Rogers
• Sigmund Freud
• Alfred Bandura
• Carl Jung

… perspective argues that the nervous system, glands and hormones, and genetic factors influence our behaviour.
• biological
• evolutionary
• cognitive

Freud’s experiments in … gave rise to his “dream theory”.

In … reasoning, empirical observations lead to new ideas:

In … reasoning, ideas are tested against the empirical world:

Match English terminology and its equivalents in Russian:
A. unconscious processes
B. human behavior
C. cognitive factors
D. inductive reasoning
E. deductive reasoning
F. fundamental difference
G. scientific approaches
H. бессознательные процессы
I. поведение человека
J. когнитивные факторы
K. индуктивное размышление
L. дедуктивное размышление
M. фундаментальное различие
N. научные подходы

Match the beginnings and the endings of each phrase:
A. advantages and
B. problem and
C. classification and
D. question and
E. disadvantages
F. solution
G. definition
H. answer

Match the two parts of each term:
A. bio-
B. neuro-
C. psycho-
D. para-
E. -psychology
F. -biology
G. -analysis
H. –chemistry

Match the two parts of each word:
A. dis-
B. iden-
C. reinfor-
D. inhi-
E. -odered
F. -tity
G. -cement
H. –bition

Match the two parts of the phrases:
A. developmental
B. classical
C. drug
D. psychology
E. conditioning
F. dependency

Psychologists focus their attention on understanding …, as well as the psychological (mental) and physical processes that underlie it.
• behaviour
• intuition
• mind
• experience

Read the text below and answer the question:
• They live from a place of having more internalized joy and looking for the joy
• They have a genetic predisposition that is impossible to influence later in life
• They avoid drama and practice ignorance to become distracted from everyday life

The … approach emphasizes the importance of individual experience as a means of understanding mental processes, and of the effect of social interaction on behaviour.

The … approach to psychology focuses on the analysis of the internal mental mechanisms which, scientists claim, can only be accessed through observable behaviour. This view is largely supported by physiologists and behaviourists.

The types of reasoning in the framework of hypothesis or general premise and empirical observations are called …:
• practical and theoretical
• deductive and inductive
• empirical and theoretical

These fields of psychology are most commonly practised in everyday life. (Select 2 correct answers);
• social
• psychodynamic
• clinical
• humanistic

What name is given to the study of many individuals where an attempt is made to compare them with others?
• nomopathetic approach
• nomosynthetic approach
• nomothetic approach
• nonsensical approach


ТЕСТ 3

… is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time

… memory is a type of implicit memory: it stores information about how to do things.

Amygdala is …
• involved with the process of memory
• to learn how retain information
• to regulate emotions

Choose three types of encoding (not its processes) – Select 3 correct answers:
• Visual
• Effortful processing
• Automatic processing
• Acoustic
• Semantic
• Self-Reference Effect

If someone asks you what you ate for lunch today, more than likely you could recall this information quite easily. This is known as …, or the encoding of details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words.

In which order are mentioned scientists in the lecture?
1 William Bousfield
2 Fergus Clark and Endel Tulving
3 Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin
4 Karl Lashley

In which order the topics are brought up in the lecture?
1 Memory
2 Encoding
3 Sensory memory
4 Other types of memory
5 Parts of the brain that are involved into process of memorizing
6 Sins of memory

It probably required a lot of work and attention on your part in order to encode that information. This is known as ….

Match the sins of memory and examples:
A. Transience
B. Absentmindedness
C. Blocking
D. Suggestibility
E. Bias
F. Persistence
G. Forget events that occurred long ago
H. Forget where your phone is
I. Tip of the tongue
J. Result from leading questions
K. Align memories to current beliefs
L. Traumatic events

Match the sins of memory and their types
A. Blocking
B. Bias
C. Persistence
D. Forgetting
E. Distortion
F. Intrusion

Name one part of the brain which is responsible for memory: …

Put the words in the right order to make sentence:
1 Encoding
2 Involves
3 The input
4 Of
5 Information
6 Into
7 The memory system

Read the question below and select one correct answer: Question: What should we do to transfer information from STM into LTM?
• Information in short-term memory goes to long-term memory, or it is discarded. Therefore, we need to create more active memories.
• Information in short-term memory goes to long-term memory, or it is discarded. Therefore, we need to continuously repeat the information.
• Information in short-term memory goes to long-term memory, or it is discarded. Therefore, we need to employ our sensory memory.

Short-term memory takes information from … memory and sometimes connects that memory to something already in long-term memory.

Storage is the creation of a … record of information:
• Short-term
• Perpetual
• Permanent

The cognitive approach became the most important school of psychology during …
• the 1970s
• the 1930s
• the 1960s

The model of human …, called Atkinson-Shiffrin:
• Brain
• Hormones
• Memory

There are three types of encoding. The encoding of words and their meaning is known as … encoding.

Who first demonstrated semantic encoding?
• Fergus Craik and Endel Tulving
• Richard Atkinson
• William Bousfield


ТЕСТ 4

… created cognitive-mediational theory.
• Richard Lazarus
• Sigmund Freud
• Charles Darwin

… is a type of communication in which physical behaviors, as opposed to words, are used to express or convey information.

… refers to a prolonged, less intense, affective state that does not occur in response to something we experience.

An … is a subjective state of being that we often describe as our feelings.

Match the terms with their definitions:
A. Empathy
B. Nonverbal behavior
C. Research
D. Altruism
E. the ability to sense other people’s emotions, coupled with the ability to imagine what someone else might be thinking or feeling
F. actions that can indicate an individual’s attitudes or feelings without speech
G. suggests that empathic people tend to be more generous and concerned with others’ welfare, and they also tend to have happier relationships and greater personal well-being
H. willingness to do things that bring advantages to others, even if it results in disadvantage for yourself

Match the words to form complete phrases:
A. Emotional and
B. Dealing with
C. Handling psychologically
D. Overcoming
E. social competencies of leaders
F. necessary evils
G. challenging work-related situations
H. internal barriers to change

Match the words to form complete phrases:
A. Growth
B. Emotional
C. Social
D. Self-
E. mindset
F. awareness
G. skills
H. regulation

Match the words to form complete phrases and sentences:
A. Understanding better
B. Establishing more
C. Gaining insights
D. Increasing acceptance
E. the principles of human behaviour within organizations
F. productive working relationships
G. into your own leadership motivations and behaviors
H. of your ideas and work requests

Match these terms with their Russian equivalents:
A. limbic system
B. psychological appraisal
C. physiological arousal
D. hippocampus
E. basolateral complex
F. cognitive appraisal theory
G. лимбическая система
H. когнитивная оценочная теория
I. гиппокамп
J. базолатеральный комплекс
K. психологическая оценка
L. физиологическое возбуждение

Put the topics in the order they were mentioned in the lecture:
1 What is emotion?
2 What is mood?
3 James-Lange’s theory
4 Cannon-Bard’s theory
5 What is differential emotion theory?
6 What is cognitive theory of emotion appraisal?

Put the words in the right order to make a sentence:
1 the James-Lange theory
2 of emotion
3 suggests that
4 physical changes in the body
5 happen first,
6 which then leads to
7 to the experience

Read the text below and answer the question. Every time, after chatting with friends Anna notices that her mood depends on the mood of her friends. Often her mood worsens automatically after chatting with people. Question: How can you explain this?
• Anna made it up on her own.
• Anna is a sensitive person.
• Anna is codependent.

We express … when we feel physically or psychologically threatened. This facial expression is often confused with surprise. But when we’re surprised, our eyes open wider, and our mouth isn’t pulled sideways.

When people are … they avert their gaze, which means they move their head down and to the side, exposing their neck.

You see these muscle movements—in the lips, around the eyes, and in the brow—when people are feeling aggressive, threatened, or frustrated. Researchers think we make this expression when we’re … because it could protect the face in a physical conflict—for example, the furrowed eyebrows could protect the eyes


ТЕСТ 5

… describe how data are dispersed in a population and give context to large data sets.

… developed the IQ test most widely used today.
• Sir Francis Galton
• Alfred Binet
• Louis Terman
• David Wechsler

… encompasses the ability to understand the emotions of yourself and others, show empathy, understand social relationships and cues, and regulate your own emotions and respond in culturally appropriate ways.

… intelligence is closely aligned with academic problem solving and computations.
• Practical
• Creative
• Analytical
• Cultural

… means that the manner of administration, scoring, and interpretation of results is consistent.

… put forth the triarchic theory of intelligence.
• Goleman
• Gardner
• Sternberg
• Steitz

Fluid intelligence is characterized by ….
• being able to recall information
• being able to create new products
• being able to understand and communicate with different cultures
• being able to see complex relationships and solve problems

In order for a test to be normed and standardized it must be tested on ….
• a group of same-age peers
• a representative sample
• children with mental disabilities
• children of average intelligence

IQ stands for … and describes a score earned on a test designed to measure intelligence.

Match intelligence types and representative careers:
A. Linguistic intelligence
B. Naturalist intelligence
C. Logical-mathematical intelligence
D. Bodily kinesthetic intelligence
E. Intrapersonal intelligence
F. Journalist, novelist, poet, teacher
G. Biologist, ecologist, environmentalist
H. Scientist, mathematician
I. Dancer, athlete, athletic coach, yoga instructor
J. Key component of personal success over time

Match intelligence types and their characteristics:
A. Spatial Intelligence
B. Bodily kinesthetic intelligence
C. Intrapersonal intelligence
D. Interpersonal intelligence
E. Ability to perceive the relationship between objects and how they move in space
F. High ability to control the movements of the body and use the body to perform various physical tasks
G. Ability to access personal feelings and motivations, and use them to direct behavior and reach personal goals
H. Ability to understand and be sensitive to the various emotional states of others

Match the terms and their definitions:
A. Analytical intelligence
B. Creative intelligence
C. Standard deviations
D. The bell curve
E. Cultural intelligence
F. Emotional intelligence
G. Practical intelligence
H. … is demonstrated by an ability to analyze, evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast.
I. … is marked by inventing or imagining a solution to a problem or situation.
J. … describe how data are dispersed in a population and give context to large data sets
K. … uses the standard deviation to show how all scores are dispersed from the average score.
L. When you visit such a culture, how well you relate to the values of that culture exemplifies your…
M. … encompasses the ability to understand the emotions of yourself and others, show empathy, understand social relationships and cues, and regulate your own emotions and respond in culturally appropriate ways.
N. … you find solutions that work in your everyday life by applying knowledge based on your experiences. This type of intelligence appears to be separate from traditional understanding of IQ.

Order the names of scientists that were mentioned in the lecture:
1 Sir Francis Galton
2 Alfred Binet
3 David Wechsler

People with high emotional intelligence typically have well-developed …

Put the words in order to make a sentence:
1 the results
2 of intelligence
3 tests
4 follow
5 the bell curve

Put these items in the order they were mentioned in the lecture:
1 Analytical intelligence
2 Emotional intelligence
3 Cultural intelligence
4 Flynn effect

Read the text below and answer the question: Brian is a very smart boy, however, he doesn’t excel at school work. He frequently retakes exams, argues with his teachers, barely manages to keep up with his group mates academically. Outside of school, though, he is a star. Everyone knows that if they need help with something, they can go to Brian and he can figure out a way to resolve their situation. Question: How would you characterize Brian?
• Brian has got “street smarts” – practical intelligence.
• Brian doesn’t like school and wants to become a celebrity.
• Brian is very helpful but not empathetic enough.


ТЕСТ 6

Choose three right antithetical traits often present in creative people (Select 3 correct answers):
• Wisdom and childishness
• Bisexuality
• Concentration
• Hyperactivity
• Imagination
• Total arrogance

Creative individuals are remarkable for their ability to … (Select 2 correct answers):
• adapt
• be hyperactive
• have low concentration

Creativity is often assessed as a function of one’s ability to engage in … thinking.

In contrast, … thinking describes the ability to provide a correct or well-established answer or solution to a problem.

Make the plan of the currently lecture putting these topics in the order they were mentioned:
1 Creative thinking
2 Creativity
3 Assessment of creativity
4 Creative processes
5 10 antithetical traits

Match the components of creativity and their definitions:
A. Expertise
B. Imaginative thinking
C. Risk taking
D. Intrinsic interest
E. Working in a creative environment
F. Creative people have carefully studied and know a lot about the topic that they are working on. Creativity comes with a lot of hard work
G. Creative people often view a problem in a visual way, allowing them to see it from a new and different point of view.
H. Creative people are willing to take on new but potentially risky approaches
I. Creative people tend to work on projects because they love doing them, not because they are paid for them. In fact, research has found that people who are paid to be creative are often less creative than those who are not.
J. Creativity is in part a social phenomenon. Simonton found that the most creative people were supported, aided, and challenged by other people working on similar projects.

Match the tests and their descriptions:
A. Structure of Intellect Divergent Thinking Test
B. “Guilfordian” Tests
C. Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking (TTCT)
D. Remote Associates Test
E. This model covers 180 (6x5x5) intellectual abilities organized along three dimensions namely; operations (evaluation, convergent production, divergent production, memory, cognition), contents (visual, auditory, symbolic, semantic, behavioral) and products (units, classes, relations, systems, transformation, implications).
F. Wallach and Kogan argued that creativity tests should be administered in a game-like environment and should not apply time limitations. With this in mind, they focused on assessing creativity in children and developed the Instances Test (list as many things that move wheels, things that make noise) and the Uses Test (tell me the different ways you can use a knife, tire or like).
G. < … > was developed for research and to provide a tool that can be used to individualize the instruction.
H. Mednick, proposed a different perspective to creativity assessment and instead of solely focusing on divergent thinking he argued that convergent thinking should be taken into consideration too. Mednick believed that creative people are able to produce original ideas because they have the ability to form associations in their minds. Mednick analyzed the creative process through stimulus-response (S-R) perspective, he thought producing unusual or original responses to a stimulus required creativity and defined creativity based on this point of view.

Match the words to complete phrases:
A. Creative
B. Unusual
C. Generating
D. Brain
E. Thinking
F. Strategies
G. Alternatives
H. Mechanism

Ochse’s theory was developed in …
• 1990
• 1890
• 1991

Put the names of scientists in the order they were mentioned in the lecture:
1 Damasio
2 Colin Martindale
3 Dr. Tom Steitz

Put the words in order to make the sentence:
1 participant
2 uses
3 a basic shape
4 a picture
5 expands
6 on
7 and
8 to create
9 it

Read the text below and answer the question:Lily always needs some facts to solve a problem and doesn’t like to make things up. But her friend Ann often leans on her imagination. Question: Which of the girls has critical thinking and which has creative thinking?
• Lily has developed critical thinking and Ann has developed creative thinking.
• Lily has developed creative thinking and Ann has developed critical thinking.
• Both girls have developed critical thinking.
• Both girls have developed creative thinking.

The inventors of The NEO Personality Inventory are …
• Costa and McCrae
• Mednick
• Wallach and Kogan

The studies of creative people suggest the following number of components of creativity:
• 3
• 4
• 5
• 7

This scientist has spent his career looking at the structure and specific aspects of RNA molecules and how their interactions could help produce antibiotics and ward off diseases:
• Damasio
• Dr. Tom Steitz
• Colin Martindale


ТЕСТ 7

“Top-down processes” stands for …
• what you expect to see
• what you don’t expect to see
• the mind sometimes guessing at what will come next

… imagination is what we normally consider to be creativity with a large C – composing an opera or discovering something groundbreaking. This is different from everyday creativity, such as coming up with imaginative solutions to household problems or making crafts.

… is a brain-scanning method that scientists use to “decode” activity in the visual cortex to know what a person was looking at in terms of line orientation, position, and even what the object was.

… processing, done in the inferior temporal lobe, near the bottom of the brain, deals with shape, depth, color, intensity, and object recognition.

… processing, done in the posterior parietal lobe, near the top of the brain, deals with orientation, size, and where things are in space — either objects in space, or where the parts of a single object are in relation to each other.

Active imagination was developed by …
• Carl Jung
• Edward Titchener
• Francis Galton

Even this early in the … system, retinal neurons are processing some of the information, turning it into something useful for the later neurons.

Imagination is (typically) a … act.

Just about all psychologists believe that all of our long-term memories of things are…
• Propositions
• Connected symbols
• Complex structures

Match terms and their definitions:
A. Visual perception
B. Visual processing
C. Spatial processing
D. “top-down” processes
E. “visual area one”
F. deals with shape, depth, color, intensity, and object recognition
G. represents information in one brain state after another, and the further along it goes, the less the pattern resembles the original picture on the retina. It gets more and more abstract.
H. deals with orientation, size, and where things are in space—either objects in space, or where the parts of a single object are in relation to each other.
I. It’s easier to see what you expect to see, and the mind is constantly guessing at what will come next, and priming early visual areas to make seeing those things easier to do.
J. The information that was on the retina is more or less reproduced here. The idea is that neurons that are more active will absorb more sugar, because neurons consume sugar and oxygen as fuel.

Match the English terminology with its equivalents in Russian:
A. brain areas
B. vision system
C. retinal neurons
D. inferior temporal lobe
E. posterior parietal lobe
F. visual perception
G. visual processing
H. spatial processing
I. Область мозга
J. Зрительная система
K. Нейроны сетчатки
L. Нижняя височная извилина
M. Задняя теменная кора
N. Зрительное/ визуальное восприятие
O. Визуальная обработка
P. Пространственная обработка

Match the terms with their definitions:
A. Visual memory
B. Imagination
C. Posterior parietal lobe
D. Inferior temporal lobe
E. made up of symbols for objects and shapes, textures, distances, and so on, and the relationships between these objects are encoded in these sentence-like entities
F. the creation of ideas in your head, composed from ideas, beliefs, and memories
G. done in the…, near the top of the brain
H. done in the…, near the bottom of the brain

Mental imagery is a(n) …
• Voluntary act
• Involuntary act
• Imagination

Put the words in the right order to make a sentence:
1 mental
2 imagery
3 is
4 not
5 imagination

Put the words in the right order to make a sentence:
1 mental imagery
2 is
3 often
4 used
5 interchangeably
6 with
7 the term
8 “mental image”

Put the words in the right order to make a sentence:
1 the
2 most
3 spectacular
4 use
5 of
6 imagination
7 is
8 in
9 creativity

Read the text and answer the question below: Rudy decided to write a story, using some images that had been in his head his whole life. One day he was rewatching his favorite film and spotted familiar images and realized where those images came from and what they meant. Question: What process was at work here?
• Imagination because Rudy’s images were directly taken from the film and visualized
• Mental imagery because it was Rudy’s early impressions of the film that impacted these images
• Visual perception as Rudy’s realized where these images came from only after describing them

The concept of mental imagery was developed …
• in the 19th century
• at the end of the 19th century
• in the 18th century

The types of imagination are … (select 3 correct answers):
• Strategic
• Emotional
• Constructive
• Building
• Memorizing

This type of processing deals with shape, depth, colour and object recognition:
• Visual processing
• Spatial processing
• Visual perception

When we imagine something visually, it shows up in the visual …


ТЕСТ 8

… called them the id, ego, and superego.
• Maslow
• Freud
• Eysenck

… refers to the long-standing traits and patterns that propel individuals to consistently think, feel, and behave in specific ways.

… thinking is a thought process or method used to generate creative ideas by exploring many possible solutions.

An example of a ‘love and belonging’ level of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is …
• food and clothing
• friendship
• esteem
• job security

Make the plan of the lecture putting the main points in the right order:
1 Definition of personality
2 Nomothetic approach in psychology
3 Idiographic approach in psychology
4 Levels of consciousness; Freud and the psychodynamic perspective
5 Humanistic theory of personality development
6 Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory
7 Carl Rogers’humanistic theory of personality development

Match English terminology and its equivalents in Russian:
A. introverted personality
B. extroverted personality
C. displacement
D. sublimation
E. melancholic
F. phlegmatic
G. choleric
H. sanguine
I. интровертная личность
J. экстровертная личность
K. смещение
L. сублимация
M. меланхоличный, меланхолик
N. сангвинический, сангвиник
O. холерический, холерик
P. флегматичный, флегматик

Match the components of Freud’s theory with the corresponding phrases:
A. Id
B. Ego
C. Superego
D. “I have just decided to do that right now!”
E. “Maybe we can find a compromise”.
F. “I think it is not right to do that”.

Match the following personality theories with each psychologist:
A. self-efficacy
B. trait theory
C. humanism
D. self-actualization
E. situationism
F. Albert Bandura
G. Sigmund Freud
H. Abraham Maslow
I. Carl Rogers
J. Hans Eysenck

Match the theories with their descriptions:
A. Humanistic theory of personality development
B. Observational Learning
C. Levels of consciousness
D. Rogers developed client-centered therapy (later re-named ‘person-centered’), which was a non-directive therapy, allowing clients to deal with what they considered important, at their own pace. This method involves removing obstacles so the client can move forward, freeing him or her for normal growth and development.
E. Bandura’s key contribution to learning theory was the idea that much learning is vicarious. We learn by observing someone else’s behavior and its consequences. He felt that this type of learning also plays a part in the development of our personality. Just as we learn individual behaviors, we learn new behavior patterns when we see them performed by other people or models.
F. Freud compared the mind to an iceberg. He said that only about one-tenth of our mind is conscious, and the rest of our mind is unconscious. Our unconscious refers to that mental activity of which we are unaware and are unable to access. According to Freud, unacceptable urges and desires are kept in our unconscious through a process called repression.

Match the words to create phrases:
A. individual
B. environment
C. reciprocal
D. social
E. situational
F. differences
G. factors
H. determinism
I. learning theory
J. context

Personality is thought to be .... Personality is thought to be ....
• short term and easily changed
• a pattern of short-term characteristics
• unstable and short term
• long term, stable and not easily changed

Physiological needs are …
• security, safety
• prestige, feeling of accomplishment
• food, water, warmth, rest
• intimate relationships, friends

Put the names of scientists in the order they were mentioned in the lecture:
1 Sigmund Freud
2 Abraham Maslow
3 Carl Rogers

Read the text below and answer the question: Steve didn’t learn the material during the school year. Now he is sure that on the last night he will be able to learn everything. Question: What do you think?
• Steve will learn everything successfully on the eve of the examination.
• Steve will learn only half of the material.
• Steve will be able to remember only some key points

Safety needs are …
• Physiological needs
• Basic needs
• Self-fulfillment needs

The … approach focuses on understanding individuals in their unique context.

The … approach in psychology seeks general principles and patterns applicable to groups.

The term “idiographic” comes from the Greek word “idios” meaning “own” or “private.” Psychologists interested in this aspect of … want to discover what makes each of us unique.


ИТОГОВЫЙ ТЕСТ

‘Psyche’ is a Greek word meaning ….
• essence
• soul
• behaviour
• love

" … affect" refers to one’s propensity to experience positive emotions and interact with others and with life’s challenges in a positive way.

“V1” is …
• Visual area one
• Visual perception
• Visual processing

… bias involves becoming fixated on a single trait of a problem:
• anchoring
• confirmation
• representative
• availability

… intelligence encompasses the ability to see complex relationships and solve problems. Navigating your way home after being detoured onto an unfamiliar route because of road construction would draw upon your fluid intelligence.

… intelligence is characterized as acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it.

… involves the raising of the upper lip, and the bridge of the nose wrinkles. We express it about things that make us sick, not those about which we’re derisive or suspicious.

… is another name for short-term memory.
• sensory memory
• episodic memory
• working memory
• implicit memory

… is characterized by episodes of binge eating followed by attempts to compensate for the excessive amount of food that was consumed.
• Prader-Willi syndrome
• morbid obesity
• anorexia nervosa
• bulimia nervosa

… is conceptualized as an enduring state of mind that consists of the capacity to experience pleasure in daily life, as well as the ability to engage one’s skills and talents to enrich one’s life and the lives of others.

… is credited with the first comprehensive theory of personality.
• Hippocrates
• мGall
• Wundt
• Freud

… is not a dimension of job burnout:
• depersonalization
• hostility
• exhaustion
• diminished accomplishment

… is one way in which people can reset their biological clocks.
• light-dark exposure
• coffee consumption
• alcohol consumption
• napping

… is the process that allows our brains to take in information via our five senses, which can then be experienced and interpreted by the brain. This process occurs thanks to our five sensory systems: vision, hearing, taste, smell and touch.

… is the production of unusual and good responses to problems.

… is when our recollections of the past are done in a self-enhancing manner.
• stereotypical bias
• egocentric bias
• hindsight bias
• enhancement bias

… proposed the hierarchy of needs.
• William James
• David McClelland
• Abraham Maslow
• Albert Bandura

… processing deals with orientation, size, and where things are in space.
• Visual
• Spatial
• Visual

… refers to maintaining positive relationships with others.
• achievement
• affiliation
• intimacy
• power

… refers to the way sensory information is organized, interpreted, and consciously experienced. It involves both bottom-up and top-down processing.

… represents information in one brain state after another, and the further along it goes, the less the pattern resembles the original picture on the retina. It gets more and more abstract. Broadly speaking, from V1, the information takes two paths — one for visual processing and the other for spatial.

… was the first to systematically study and theorize the workings of the unconscious mind in the manner that we associate with modern psychology.

A high level of … may be useful for jobs that require a great deal of interaction with other people, like public relations, teaching, and sales.

According to Freud, our personality develops from a(n) … between two forces: our biological aggressive and pleasure-seeking drives versus our internal (socialized) control over these drives.

According to your reading, nearly … of the adult population in the United States can be classified as obese.
• one half
• one third
• one fourth
• one fifth

An early science that tried to correlate personality with measurements of parts of a person’s skull is known as ….
• phrenology
• psychology
• physiology
• personality psychology

An individual’s consistent pattern of thought and behavior is known as a(n) ….
• psychosexual stage
• object permanence
• personality
• perception

Arthur Jensen believed that …:
• genetics was solely responsible for intelligence
• environment was solely responsible for intelligence
• intelligence level was determined by race
• IQ tests do not take socioeconomic status into account

Choose the right emotional personality types. Select 3 correct answers:
• the intellectual
• the empath
• the rock
• gregariousness
• assertiveness

Choose three wrong antithetical traits often present in creative people:
• Wisdom and childishness
• Bisexuality
• Concentration
• Hyperactivity
• Imagination
• Total arrogance

Creativity is often assessed as a function of one’s ability to engage in … thinking.

Explicit (declarative) memory has two parts: semantic memory and … memory.

Fergus Craik and Endel Tulving conducted a series of experiments to find out which of the three types of encoding would give the best memory of … information.

From a nomothetic point of view, these are considered to describe the psychologically … of any personality adequately.

Human … is the potential and expressed capacity (mentally, physically, and socially) of human individuals or groups to respond to internal and external stimuli throughout their life. It is driven by genetic and environmental factors that affect an individual.

In everyday life, generating creative ideas is a sign of creative performance and …’s purpose is to measure this idea generation. Ideation involves idea generation and attribution of value to it; thus, it can be an adequate creativity criterion.

In recent years, … psychology has emerged as an area of study seeking to identify and promote qualities that lead to greater happiness and fulfillment in our lives. These components include positive affect, optimism, and flow.

In the brain, the visual cortex processes visual information and passes it from lower to higher areas of the brain which is also called ….
• “bottom-up” and “top-down”
• V1
• posterior parietal lobe

It seems that their energy is internally generated, due more to their focused minds than to the superiority of their …
• Genes
• Intellect
• Upbringing
• Health

JIFT is a self-report for …
• 5 to 12 years old
• 10 years or older
• 1-6 graders

Match English sentences and their Russian equivalents:
A. I’m a ‘worrier’
B. I make friends easily
C. I have a vivid imagination
D. I trust others
E. I complete tasks successfully
F. Я постоянно беспокоюсь
G. Я легко завожу друзей
H. У меня живое воображение
I. Я доверяю другим
J. Я успешно завершаю задания

Match English terminology and its equivalents in Russian:
A. Brain areas
B. Vision system
C. Retinal neurons
D. Inferior temporal lobe
E. Posterior parietal lobe
F. Visual perception
G. Visual processing
H. Spatial processing
I. Область мозга
J. Зрительная система
K. Нейроны сетчатки
L. Нижняя височная извилина
M. Задняя теменная кора
N. Зрительное/ визуальное восприятие
O. Визуальная обработка
P. Пространственная обработка

Match linking words and phrases with their use cases:
A. Because
B. Also
C. Nevertheless
D. As a consequence
E. Reason
F. Addition
G. Contrast
H. Result

Match terms and their definitions:
A. Visual memory
B. Imagination
C. Posterior parietal lobe
D. Inferior temporal lobe
E. done in the…, near the bottom of the brain
F. done in the…, near the top of the brain
G. is the creation of ideas in your head, composed from ideas, beliefs, and memories
H. made up of symbols for objects and shapes, textures, distances, and so on, and the relationships between these objects are encoded in these sentence-like entities

Match the beginnings and the endings of the words:
A. Black-
B. Un-
C. Chat-
D. Vir-
E. -mail
F. -moderated
G. -ter
H. -tual

Match the parts of the sentences:
A. Eating disorders
B. Young women are
C. Research has been carried out to
D. Recent advances in information technology have raised
E. include binge eating.
F. most commonly affected.
G. trace changes in eating patterns.
H. new issues in the field of psychology.

Match the stages of memory and their descriptions:
A. Short-term memory (STM)
B. Sensory memory
C. Long-term memory (LTM)
D. a temporary storage system that processes incoming sensory memory
E. a storage of brief sensory events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes
F. a continuous storage of information

Match the terms and their definitions:
A. Bias
B. Engram
C. Blocking
D. Construction
E. Absentmindedness
F. how feelings and view of the world distort memory of past events
G. physical trace of memory
H. memory error in which you cannot access stored information
I. formulation of new memories
J. lapses in memory that are caused by breaks in attention or our focus being somewhere else

Match the terms and their definitions:
A. Sibling differences
B. Personality
C. Reliability
D. Validity
E. exposed to different childhood influences and as a result grew up to have different personalities
F. the unique, relatively enduring internal and external aspects of a person character that influence behaviour in different situations
G. the consistency of response to a psychological assessment device
H. the extent to which the assessment device measures what it is intended to measure

Match the terms and their descriptions:
A. Strongly disagree
B. Disagree
C. Neutral
D. Agree
E. Strongly agree
F. The statement is definitely false.
G. The statement is mostly false.
H. You cannot decide, or if the statement is about equally true and false.
I. The statement is mostly true.
J. The statement is definitely true.

Match the terms with their characteristics:
A. Beta-endorphin
B. Dopamine
C. Serotonin
D. Pain, pleasure
E. Mood, sleep, learning
F. Mood, sleep

Match the terms with their definition:
A. Sample
B. Theory
C. Participants
D. Opinion
E. subset of individuals selected from the larger population
F. well-developed set of ideas that propose an explanation for observed phenomena
G. subjects of psychological research
H. personal judgments, conclusions, or attitudes that may or may not be accurate

Match the terms with their descriptions:
A. Introduction
B. Methods
C. Results
D. Conclusions
E. Overview of the topic
F. Research questions
G. Answers to research questions
H. Summary of main findings

Match the terms with their descriptions:
A. People who like to learn new things and enjoy new experiences usually score high in …. It includes personality traits like being insightful and imaginative and having a wide variety of interests.
B. People that have a high degree of … are reliable and prompt. Personality traits include being organized, methodic, and thorough.
C. … get their energy from interacting with others, while introverts get their energy from within themselves. This includes the personality traits of energetic, talkative, and assertive.
D. Openness
E. Conscientiousness
F. Extraversion

Match these terms with their Russians equivalents:
A. Retina
B. biological reality
C. inferior temporal lobe
D. quasi-perceptual episode
E. Sensory
F. Delusory
G. mental phenomenon
H. Ретина
I. Биологическая реальность
J. Нижняя височная извилина
K. Квази-перцептивная модель
L. Сенсорный
M. Иллюзорный
N. Психическое явление

Multiple Intelligences Theory was developed by …, a Harvard psychologist and former student of Erik Erikson.

Neurons absorb … (select 2 correct answers):
• Sugar
• Oxygen
• Tissue
• Calcium

One of the first places image information goes is called visual … one that is located in the back of the brain.

Parental and … conflicts have been tied to the development of asthma.

Put the following sentences in the right order:
1 Analytical intelligence is closely aligned with academic problem solving and computations.
2 Sternberg says that analytical intelligence is demonstrated by an ability to analyze, evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast.
3 When reading a classic novel for literature class, for example, it is usually necessary to compare the motives of the main characters of the book or analyze the historical context of the story.
4 In a science course such as anatomy, you must study the processes by which the body uses various minerals in different human systems.
5 In developing an understanding of this topic, you are using analytical intelligence.
6 When solving a challenging math problem, you would apply analytical intelligence to analyze different aspects of the problem and then solve it section by section.

Put the words in the right order to make a sentence:
1 clinical psychology is
2 the area of psychology
3 that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment
4 of psychological disorders
5 and other
6 problematic patterns of behavior

Put the words in the right order to make a sentence:
1 creative
2 people
3 tend to
4 be
5 smart
6 yet
7 naive
8 at
9 the
10 same
11 time

Put the words in the right order to make a sentence.
1 in recent years,
2 as Internet use has spread,
3 it has become more common
4 for young people
5 to meet
6 their friends
7 online after school and at the weekend

Put the words in the right order to make a sentence:
1 mental
2 imagery
3 is
4 not
5 imagination

Put the words in the right order to make a sentence:
1 the value
2 of
3 IQ testing
4 is
5 most
6 evident
7 in
8 educational
9 or
10 clinical settings

Put these topics in the order they appeared in the lecture:
1 What is intelligence?
2 Cattell’s theory
3 Sternberg’s theory
4 Gardner’s theory
5 What is IQ?

Put these topics in the order they were mentioned in the lecture:
1 Creative thinking is the production of unusual and good responses to problems. This definition of creative thinking is compatible with the definition of critical thinking being used in this article, differing only in that creative thinking requires the use of unusual strategies or skills.
2 Creativity is often assessed as a function of one's ability to engage in divergent thinking. Divergent thinking can be described as thinking "outside the box;" it allows an individual to arrive at unique, multiple solutions to a given problem.
3 Working in a creative environment. Creativity is in part a social phenomenon. Simonton found that the most creative people were supported, aided, and challenged by other people working on similar projects.
4 Here are the 10 antithetical traits often present in creative people that are integrated with each other in a dialectical tension.
5 Psychometric measures of creative process and potential have been extensively implied in the field.

Put these words in order to make a sentence:
1 Maslow's hierarchy
2 of needs is a motivational
3 theory in psychology
4 comprising a five-tier
5 model of human needs,
6 often depicted as hierarchical
7 levels within a pyramid

Put words in the right order to make a sentence:
1 memory
2 is
3 an
4 information
5 processing
6 system

Select components that are important for creativity (select 2 correct answers):
• Expertise
• Risk taking
• Flare
• Personalization

Studies of British civil servants have found that those in the lowest status jobs are much more likely to develop heart disease than those who have high status jobs. These findings attest to the importance of … in dealing with stress.
• biofeedback
• social support
• perceived control
• emotion-focused coping

The … content of a dream refers to the true meaning of the dream.
• latent
• manifest
• collective unconscious
• important

The body’s biological clock is located in the ….
• hippocampus
• thalamus
• hypothalamus
• pituitary gland

The DSM-5 now uses … as a diagnostic label for what was once referred to as mental retardation:
• autism and developmental disabilities
• lowered intelligence
• intellectual disability
• cognitive disruption

The following is NOT one of Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences:
• creative
• spatial
• linguistic
• musical

The following is usually stated about psychologists involved in personality assessment (Select 3 correct answers):
• ‘Depth’ psychologists are better at it than some other kinds of psychologist.
• Many of them accept that their conclusions are unreliable.
• They receive criticism from psychologists not involved in the field.
• They have made people realise how hard the subject is.
• They have told people what not to do, rather than what they should do.
• They keep changing their minds about what the best approaches

The inventors of The NEO Personality Inventory are …
• Costa and McCrae
• Mednick and team
• Wallach and Kogan

The long-standing traits and patterns that propel individuals to consistently think, feel, and behave in specific ways are known as ….
• psychodynamic
• temperament
• humors
• personality

The major psychology approaches are the following … (Select 3 correct answers):
• Biological
• Social learning
• Psychodynamic
• Tentative
• Scientific

The nomothetic approach involves establishing … or generalizations that apply to everyone.

The nomothetic approach typically uses scientific methods such as … and observations to obtain quantitative data. Group averages are statistically analyzed to create predictions about people in general.

The psychologist who developed active imagination is …
• Carl Jung
• Edward Titchener
• Francis Galton

The risk of heart disease is especially high among individuals with … .

The white blood cells that attack foreign invaders to the body are called ….
• antibodies
• telomeres
• lymphocytes
• immune cells

There also appear to be specific … involved with the process of memory, such as epinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, glutamate, and acetylcholine.

There are also … processes. It’s easier to see what you expect to see, and the mind is constantly guessing at what will come next, and priming early visual areas to make seeing those things easier to do.

These statements (“I take control of situations”, “I try to be in charge – to lead others”, “High score: energetic, assertive, cheerful, outgoing, sociable”) describe the following sub-trait:
• Friendliness
• Gregariousness
• Assertiveness
• Activity level

Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon is also known as ….
• persistence
• misattribution
• transience
• blocking

When we image something visually, it shows up on the …

When you are examining data to look for trends, the type of intelligence you are using most is:
• practical
• analytical
• emotional
• creative

When you visit such a culture, how well you relate to the values of that culture exemplifies your … intelligence.


КОМПЕТЕНТНОСТНЫЙ ТЕСТ

Read the description below and answer the question: This person is extremely bright, often relying more on facts than feelings. They prefer to think in a more logical and analytical way. Question: What is this person’s emotional type?
• the intellectual
• the empath
• the rock

Read the text and answer the question: John is in the seventh grade at school. His parents motivate him with money and gifts. For every good mark John gets money. Question: How can you explain this situation?
• John associates knowledge with material values. John is sure that knowledge can be bought and sold.
• John learns with great pleasure and material incentives do not hinder him at all.
• In spite of material incentives John has no desire to go to school.

Read the text and answer the question below: Tina loves listening to music, because music inspires her to create new stories through images that she sees in her head at that time. Question: How would you describe the process that is happening to Tina?
• Auditory mental imagery
• Visual mental imagery
• Imaginative mental imagery

Read the text below and answer the question: David’s brain was damaged after a car crash. Now David often needs help to reach objects and can’t define how far they are from him, so his wife helps him to get things he wants. Question: What brain area was damaged in the car crash?
• Parietal lobe
• Cortex
• Amygdala

Read the text below and answer the question: John has problems at school: he can’t analyze books, lectures or films, however, he absorbs all the information and has a magnificent memory. But when he should conduct experiments or make a conclusion about “pitfalls” of different works or motives of other people he gets puzzled. Question: What should John work on developing?
• John needs to work on developing his analytical intelligence.
• John needs to work on getting to know other people more.
• John needs to work on developing his emotional intelligence.

Read the text below and answer the question: Jurors place a lot of weight on eyewitness testimony. Imagine you are an attorney representing a defendant who is accused of robbing a convenience store. Several eyewitnesses have been called to testify against your client. Question: What would you tell the jurors about the reliability of eyewitness testimony?
• Misinformation effect paradigm holds that after exposure to incorrect information, a person may misremember the original event, hence, the eyewitness testimonies might not be entirely accurate.
• The eyewitness testimonies will probably be inaccurate as strong emotions lead to the creation of weaker memories and therefore, these people will be prone to forgetting what actually happened at the store.
• Eyewitnesses frequently suffer from anterograde amnesia: they cannot remember new information and events that happened prior to their injuries or traumatic experiences that occurred in their life.

Read the text below and answer the question: Ruby is a clever girl, but she has trouble building relationships with other people. Sometimes she hurts others’ feelings and doesn’t understand why they are getting offended. Last month her friend’s (Thomas) uncle died and Ruby didn’t support Thomas and told him he hadn’t even loved his uncle and always talked nasty about him. They quarreled and Ruby didn’t understand why, after all she just had stated facts. Question: What is Ruby’s key obstacle to making new friends and maintaining relationships with existing ones?
• Ruby has undeveloped emotional intelligence
• Ruby’s IQ is too high for other people
• Ruby is just a very rational straight-forward person

Read the text below and answer the question: Sarah wants to be a psychologist. Her parents are against Sarah s decision. They want Sarah to study medicine. Sarah is upset and doesn t know what to do. Question: What should Sarah do?
• Sarah should follow her parents advice.
• Sarah should insist on her decision.
• Sarah should talk to her parents and argue her choice to them.

Read the text below and answer the question: Suppose you are walking in the woods, and you see a grizzly bear. You begin to tremble, and your heart begins to race. The James-Lange theory proposes that you will interpret your physical reactions and conclude that you are frightened. Question: What is your interpretation, according to the theory?
• “I am trembling. Therefore I am afraid.”
• “I’m afraid. Therefore I’m trembling.”
• “I’m experiencing these emotions because of the previous trauma”.

Read the text below and answer the question: The mental status exam is a clinical assessment tool used to evaluate a person s cognitive and emotional functioning. It typically focuses on areas such as mood and affect, attention and concentration, appearance, and other mental processes. Question: Based on this information, which of the following areas would the mental status exam be unlikely to cover?
• Mood and affect
• Attention
• General appearance
• Memory
• Physical coordination

Read the text below and answer the question: You and your roommate spent all of last night studying for your psychology test. You think you know the material; however, you suggest that you study again the next morning an hour prior to the test. Your roommate asks you to explain why you think this is a good idea. Question: What do you tell her?
• You remind her about Ebbinghaus’s forgetting curve: the information you learn drops off rapidly with time.
• You know you’re more likely to remember the information learnt in the morning and science proves it.
• You want to minimize risks and prepare cheat sheets so you have a better chance of passing the test.

Read the text below and answer the question: You are a practicing psychologist who prefers to focus on the individual and emphasize the unique personal experience of human nature. You understand the need for general laws but it’s not something that you pursue in your practice. Question: What is the name of your approach?
• Nomothetic
• Idiographic
• Psychodynamic

Read the question below and select one correct answer: How do we cultivate creative thinking?
• Creative thinking cannot be cultivated – it is a skill that we are either born with or we will never be able to have it at all.
• Creative thinking can be cultivated by regularly practicing creativity in different situations and in relation to different problems.
• Creative thinking can be cultivated by hard work and constant repetition of the same routines and procedures.

Read the question below and select one correct answer: Question: What is the essence of Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking?
• If we were to make a hits list for creativity assessment tests, TTCT most probably would be the number one. TTCT was developed for research and to provide a tool that can be used to individualize the instruction.
• If we were to make a hits list for creativity assessment tests, TTCT most probably would be somewhere in the middle. It is frequently used to measure creativity but it is not very successful.
• If we were to make a hits list for creativity assessment tests, TTCT most probably would be one of the last ones. It is commonly used to measure intelligence, but some researchers use it for creativity assessment.

Read the question below and select one correct answer: Question: How did the object of study in psychology change over the history of the field since the 19th century?
• Initially psychology was focused on the study of mind and mental processes, but over time, it began to shift more towards the study of behavior.
• At first, psychology was not considered a science in its modern definition, however, over time, all doubts about its scientific nature were eliminated.
• Psychology has always been and still continues to focus solely on cognitive functions and mental processes.

Read the question below and select one correct answer: Question: Why do people react differently in similar situations?
• Every human being is unique, but this uniqueness originates from the combination of 5 personality traits we all share.
• The reason behind this is the context of the situation – we all perceive situations differently and this is the key factor behind different behavior.
• It is our genes that predominantly determine our behaviour and our personality, i.e. the way we react to different stimuli.