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Работа на тему: Feel old ует?: тне study of self-identification of one's age and its dependency on social factors / «чувствуешь себя старым?»: исследование самоидентификации возраста индивидом и ее зависимости от социальных факторов
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МИНИСТЕРСТВО НАУКИ И ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ
Федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования
«ТЮМЕНСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ» ШКОЛА ПЕРСПЕКТИВНЫХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ (SAS)
РЕКОМЕНДОВАНО К ЗАЩИТЕ В ГЭК

ВЫПУСКНАЯ КВАЛИФИКАЦИОННАЯ РАБОТА.
бакалаврская работа
"FEEL OLD УЕТ?": ТНЕ STUDY OF SELF-IDENTIFICATION OF ONE'S AGE AND ITS DEPENDENCY ON SOCIAL FACTORS / «ЧУВСТВУЕШЬ СЕБЯ СТАРЫМ?»: ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ САМОИДЕНТИФИКАЦИИ ВОЗРАСТА ИНДИВИДОМ И ЕЕ ЗАВИСИМОСТИ ОТ СОЦИАЛЬНЫХ ФАКТОРОВ

39.03.01 Социология Профиль «Социология и антропология»


Тюмень

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION 3
CHAPTER 1. LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORY 7
1.1. THE APPROACHES TO UNDERSTANDING OF “AGE” 7
1.2. SOCIOLOGICAL AGE AND SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION 8
1.3. THE EXISTING RESEARCH ON FORMATION OF AGE IDENTITY AND IDENTIFICATION, DISCREPANCY BETWEEN A SUBJECTIVE AND AN OBJECTIVE AGE, AND THE REASONS FOR THE DISCREPANCY 8
1.4. ANALYZING AGE IDENTITY IN THE 21ST CENTURY 12
CHAPTER 2. METHODOLOGY 16
CHAPTER 3. THE SURVEY RESULTS AND ANALYSIS 21
CHAPTER 4. THE ANALYSIS OF THE INTERVIEWS 30
CONCLUSION 39
BIBLIOGRAPHY 42
APPENDIX 1. THE SURVEY QUESTIONS 47
APPENDIX 2. THE INTERVIEW GUIDE 58
APPENDIX 3. THE RESULTS OF SPSS ANALYSIS 61
APPENDIX 4. THE SUMMARY TABLE ON THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE VARIETY OF SOCIO-ECONOMICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS FOR THE PERCEIVED AGE
FORMATION 71
APPENDIX 5. EXTRA FINDINGS FROM THE SURVEY RESULTS 81
APPENDIX 6. THE INFORMATION ON THE INTERVIEWS’
RESPONDENTS 83
APPENDIX 7. THE TABLE OF CODES 85
APPENDIX 8. THE THEMATIC NETWORK 88

INTRODUCTION
At 19, I joined SAS after studying at another university for two years. Interacting with younger classmates made me rethink my age. In their third year at SAS, my age-mates began to seem older than me. The academic difference of two years between us began to feel like an age difference, and I felt as if I was back to my 17-18 years, the age of my classmates. Even though I felt more mature than them academically, I mentally began to feel the same age as them due to the social circle. This experience sparked my interest in the sociology of age.
My experience is probably not unique. The age range of students in higher education, in general, has become less defined: according to Statistics Canada [Dale], now there is diversity in the age of enrolling to university and in the length of studying (and, therefore, the age of graduation); they could not identify a common pattern as it could be found in the past: that is, people used to enter at about the same age, study for a certain number of years, and graduate at about the same age. In addition, special departments of universities for older people are now emerging: for example, Montepare and Brown describe the practice of Age-Friendly Universities in their study [Montepare, Brown, 2022]. Such initiatives may entail even greater age diversity in groups that were previously heavily institutionalized and assumed a more precise separation by age.
These are not the only changes in the age structure of society. Vincent, analyzing old age and its construction, focus on the increase in the percentage of the elderly population in society [Vincent]. Neugarten also talks about the growing number of older people in American society, arguing that this brings about some social changes [Neugarten].
Also, some people start their families later in life than it was a few decades ago: in Russia, for example, according to Rosstat, the number of men and women who got married in the cohort of 25-34 years is prevalent over the number of those in the cohort of 18-24 years [Marriages and divorces, Table: Браки по возрастам жениха и невесты [Marriages by the age of groom and bride]]. From the same data, we see that in 1999 the relations between those cohorts were opposite; people started their families earlier. Therefore, people start being parents later as well.
All of these phenomena may entail a more frequent mixing of age groups with each other. In this study, I want to find out how this can affect the formation of individuals’ age identity and their perception of their subjective age.
As I have mentioned, my perceived age differs from my chronological age.
However, could it be due to social factors and my environment?
The concepts which previously were considered biological are now recognized to be sociologically constructed [Smolkin, p. 8]. Many scientists try to re-evaluate our understanding of gender, sexual orientation, and even age. However, can we consider age as something beyond the chronological number of years a person lived? Some scientists believe we should not. For example, Smolkin believes that people are too dependent on their biology regarding age identification: for a child and an old person, it would be hard to identify with another age, as those life stages have specific health conditions and limitations [Smolkin]. However, he also mentions that the boundaries between ages are unclear for an average middle-aged adult, and periodization is not that defined. It can be assumed that it would be easier for a middle-aged person to get “lost” in the age “limits” - for such a person, they are minimally defined.
However, the majority of the empirical studies on age identification, the discrepancy between actual age and subjective one, as well as on age identity, are focused on the elderly [see Vincent; Maximova; Salari, Rich; and others] and not on middle-aged people despite the latter’s relative lack of biological limitations per se.
For the past century, many scientists have researched the concept of “subjective,” “sociological”, or “social” age in contrast with chronological (or objective) age. In “The Problem of Generations,” Karl Mannheim was one of the first to talk about age from a sociological perspective [Mannheim]. It separated age from its purely biological nature. According to Mannheim, different generation experience different understandings of age (and other concepts) [Mannheim]. They feel age differently because of historical, cultural, and social differences for generations.

Since then, much research has happened on age identity, social construction, the social construction of age, and the interplay between them. I will consider different perspectives on these topics in the following literature review.
Scientists in the field of psychiatry and psychology often consider the difference between real age and perceived age as “age identity disorders” [Altered Perception of Age…, p. 107]. Such disorders are studied in connection with mental illnesses. Demidova et al., citing the works of several scholars, such as Galambos et al. and the study of Montepare, say that the difference is the norm and it often appears over the course of life: fluidity and the feeling of “I am older” among teenagers (here they are referring to Galambos et al. and the study of Montepare) and “I am younger” among adult (here they are referring to the studies of Montepare, Westerhof et al., Rubin & Berntsen) [cited in Altered Perception of Age…, p. 107]. Demidova et al. while referring to Bol’shoi psikhologicheskii slovar’ [Big Psychological Dictionary] also suggest that when talking about changing the feeling of difference between objective age and subjective one, we should use the concept “subjective age” rather than “age identity” since identity is a stable, lifelong concept [cited in Altered Perception of Age…, p. 108]. However, as we can see from many studies, the perception of identity as something fixed is outdated [see McAdams; Burke, Stets]. McAdams, for example, considers identity as a story we narrate which is changing all the time [McAdams]. Therefore, when considering a person’s perception of their own age, I will, among other things, view this as a part of age identity, considering identity as something changeable and fluid.
If the influence of the age of environment on subjective age does indeed exist, and the number of mixed age groups is growing, this means that the number of those who feel the discrepancy with their real age is also growing. The sense of age will become even more fluid. At the same time, ageism and age limitations still tend to persist in society. Among other things, age-labeled job vacancies, competitions, and university entry contests are still common. What is the definition of ageism? According to Butler, it is “prejudice by one age group toward other age groups” [Butler, p. 243]. If age identity and subjective age are fluid, ageism becomes even
more inappropriate, because prejudices about an individual are formed in relation to their chronological age (and some physical limitations) neglecting their subjective, self-identified age. By creating greater awareness that an individual’s age is a largely subjective concept, people may become more comfortable with their discrepancy and changes in their age identity as well as the age of others. Thus, ageism among people might become less pronounced. In the long run, my research will help show that age is even a more subjective category than previously assumed, and with a greater number of mixed-age groups it can become more dynamic.
My main research question examines whether belonging to a group of people who are younger or older affects an individual’s perceived age. Also I examine the frequency and variation of subjective age discrepancy among different age groups. While studies have primarily focused on older individuals, my personal observations have shown an increasing number of complaints about “old age” among young adults and feeling like a teenager among 30- and 40-year-olds. To address this gap in research, I conducted a survey among three age categories: 18-34 (young), 35-54 (middle), and over 55 (old) to assess the influence of social factors on the appearance of discrepancy. Additionally, I conducted 12 interviews to identify patterns of different age environments’ impact on an individual. My study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the influence of the social environment’s average age and other possible factors on an individual’s perceived age.
This thesis is organized as follows. The first chapter is devoted to a literature review, in which I analyze different perspectives on “age,” focus on the social construction of age, review empirical studies already conducted and their results, and make theoretical assumptions about how an individual’s subjective age might be affected by being placed in a group of another age. In chapter two, I describe the methodology for data collection and analysis, which includes the survey of 399 respondents and 12 semi-structured in-depth interviews. In chapter three, I describe the results of the survey and analyze them. In chapter four, I conduct a thematic analysis of the interviews. In conclusion, I describe general findings and possibilities for further research.

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